Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by reduced bone mass and strength, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It is prevalent among Caucasians, women, and the elderly, with a significant impact on postmenopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels. According to the WHO, up to 70% of women over 80 years have osteoporosis. Approximately 200 million people suffer from this condition, causing around 8.9 million fractures annually, particularly in the hip, vertebrae, and distal forearm, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Osteoporosis is classified into primary and secondary types. Primary osteoporosis includes Type I (postmenopausal) and Type II (senile) osteoporosis. Type I is mainly caused by estrogen deficiency, affecting trabecular bone, while Type II is age-related and affects cortical bone. Secondary osteoporosis is due to various etiologies like malabsorption, certain medications, and diseases such as hyperparathyroidism. Risk factors include age, low body weight, family history, smoking, alcohol intake, and low physical activity. Women are more affected due to estrogen deficiency, smaller bone size, and earlier bone resorption onset. The prevalence of osteoporosis varies globally, with significant regional differences. In India, the prevalence is around 38.4%, higher in women and older adults. Osteoporosis management aims to prevent fractures, relieve symptoms, and maintain physical function. Treatments include antiresorptive therapies like bisphosphonates and hormone therapy, anabolic agents like teriparatide, and novel treatments like denosumab and romosozumab. Future prospects involve advances in biomarkers and machine learning for early diagnosis and fracture risk assessment. A sequential treatment approach is essential, combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, including diet, exercise, and fall prevention, to reduce fracture risk and enhance quality of life.