Cow dung, excreta of bovine animal, is easily accessible and cheap bio-resource available in India. It has variety of traditional uses including burning as fuel, mosquito repellant and as a cleaning agent. Due to its capacity to create different metabolites, broad collection of bacteria found in dung can be advantageous to humans. The majority of dung is either dumped outdoors and utilized as organic fertilizer or burned as fuel in remote rural areas. However, careless dumping and inappropriate removal of cattle dung into the environment have seriously harmed the ecosystem. By using a thermo-chemical technique to turn cow dung into bio-fuel or by using it as organic fertilizer after being treated with vermicompost, this worrying issue can be solved. Additionally, cow dung may be utilized for the creation of bio char, friction composites, heat and power. In order to provide environmentally responsible energy generation and economically viable energy generation, cow dung to bio-fuels conversion system needs to be effective and well-controlled. The development of cow dung microorganism applications for bio-fuel generation and the management of environmental contaminants are currently receiving more attention from researchers. Thus, main focus of present review is on current discoveries about cow dung that may be used as a viable renewable resource and for many purposes, including medicine, agriculture, and industry.