A microscope is defined as an instrument magnifying objects by means of lenses so as to reveal details invisible to naked eyes. Advances in microscopy techniques have revolutionized scientific exploration, providing unprecedented insights into the nanoscale world. From the early compound microscope to cutting-edge technologies like electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy, each milestone has expanded our ability to visualize and understand the intricate structures and phenomena at the micro and nanoscale levels. This book chapter presents an overview of the historical development of microscopy, tracing its evolution from its origins to the present day,the Diffraction limit of optical microscopy explain by E. abbe and techniques overcome these limitation, transformative impact of microscopy on various scientific disciplines, including biology, medicine, materials science, chemistry, and physics, is highlighted through key milestones and breakthroughs. The remarkable spatial resolutions achieved by these advanced techniques have unlocked the hidden realm of micro and nanoscale structures, leading to ground-breaking discoveries and innovations. Additionally, the promise of continued innovation in microscopy is explored, showcasing the potential for future discoveries that will further push the boundaries of scientific knowledge and drive advancements in diverse fields. As we delve deeper into the micro cosmos, microscopy remains an indispensable tool in our quest to understand the complexity of the natural world and pave the way.