In the last fifteen years, studies have demonstrated a connection between alterations in gut microbiota and a number of illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver, and neurological conditions. The emergency of innovative medicines has been facilitated by this underscoring the significance of comprehending the functions of gut microorganisms in managing many health concerns. The gut is home to about 1000 different species of bacteria, and its core microbiome has more than 6000 functional gene groups. The host immune system and metabolism are controlled by gut microorganisms. The amount of microbiome sequencing data has grown dramatically in the last ten years, and this information is vital for both diagnosing and treating immune system, inflammatory, and colonic diseases. Microbiota represents a next-generation medicinal tool for innovative therapeutic actions, as some strains may impact the course of cancer and the effectiveness of treatments, improving precision medicine in diagnosis and treatment. A varied population of bacteria in the human gastrointestinal system known as gut microbiome interact with the host in both directions and is impacted by environmental, lifestyles, and developmental factors.