Seed plants, or spermatophytes, represent a diverse group of vascular plants characterized by their reproductive strategy involving seeds. The reproductive biology of these plants encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction mechanisms, which are essential for plant propagation, agricultural production, and ecosystem sustainability. Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves the formation of gametes, pollination, fertilization, and the development of seeds and fruits, while asexual reproduction includes methods such as vegetative propagation and cloning. Understanding these processes is fundamental to advancements in crop science, where techniques such as selective breeding, hybridization, and genetic modification are employed to improve crop yields, disease resistance, and environmental adaptation. Additionally, insights from reproductive biology contribute to ecological conservation efforts and the study of plant evolution. This overview explores the key mechanisms of seed plant reproduction, including the structure of flowers, pollination strategies, fertilization processes, seed development and dispersal, and the application of these concepts in agriculture and conservation. By examining both sexual and asexual reproductive strategies, this review highlights the significance of plant reproductive biology in addressing global challenges in food security, biodiversity, and sustainable agriculture.