Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) offer a wealth of natural products with therapeutic and industrial applications and induced mutagenesis is a powerful tool in the enhancement of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), offering a sustainable approach to improve their genetic diversity and optimize desirable traits. This chapter delves into the methodologies and applications of induced mutagenesis in MAPs. However, conventional breeding for improved yield or quality of these valuable compounds can be slow and limited by existing genetic diversity. In crop breeding programs, the genetic variability has become narrowed due to the high selection pressure applied since the domestication of crops. This narrowing limits the availability of diverse genetic traits for breeding new cultivars, making it challenging for breeders to develop improved varieties. As a result, there is a growing focus on developing strategies to increase genetic diversity in the crops (MAPs) naturally as well as through induced mutagenesis. Induced mutation breeding has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing the qualities of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), catering to diverse industrial and societal needs. In this chapter, several currently accessible methods such as physical, chemical and insertional mutagenesis have been discussed concerning their efficient exploration for the Medicinal and Aromatic crop improvement and also explore the applications, challenges, and future prospects of induced mutation in advancing MAPs. Through a comprehensive analysis of literature and case studies, it develop into the techniques employed, the traits targeted, and the outcomes achieved in the realm of MAPs. Furthermore, we consider the regulatory landscape surrounding induced mutagenesis and its future prospects in the development of superior MAPs cultivars.