In vitro culture means the cultivation on artificial, aseptic nutritional media with a complex chemical composition, of any component part of a plant, called explant, in the form of tissues, cells or organs, through microsurgery operations. The technique of in vitro culture is part of modern biotechnologies that have wide applications in agriculture, food, pharmaceutical, chemical and energy industries, medicine but also in combating environmental pollution. In vitro plants culture is successfully applied for many purposes: rapid and mass propagation of some varieties, preservation of genetic material from valuable genotypes, etc. The main modern systems of in vitro plant regeneration refer to the vitroculture of meristems, embryos, endosperm, anthers, protoplasts, roots, calluses, etc. Increased of the agricultural productivity is an active field of genetics and plant breeding research. From this point of view, the techniques of modern biotechnologies fully contribute to the creation and propagation of new genotypes of plants, e.g the virus-free plants; stress-resistant metabolic mutants; plants wich produce useful substances, etc., while maintaining in the same time, biodiversity and genetic resources. The genetic revolution have paved the way for expanding the knowledge of life processes, offering new possibilities to defend human health, to increase the base of organic raw materials but also to create new plants with higher productivity characteristics. The immense diversity of the theoretical and practical implications of the agricultural biotechnology field, as well as its future evolution, are not yet fully predictable, but one thing is certain: the current information explosion creates the theoretical and practical framework necessary for further research and, in the same time, it opens up new horizons.