According to the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis the most vulnerable period of human development is the antenatal period and any adverse environment can greatly affect the health of the offspring in later life through a process termed as “developmental programming”. Nutritional deficiency is one among many of the salient environmental factors that profoundly influences brain development during prenatal and initial post-natal periods. Though every nutrient has an imperative role in brain growth and function, but certain nutrients like protein, minerals (zinc, iron, iodine), vitamins (vitamin D, B6, B12) and fatty acids are the most significant ones. The significance of these specific nutrients in brain development is determined by two factors-the timing of nutrient deficit and requirement of the nutrient for specific parts of brain. This chapter included roles of some most important nutrients for formation and development of human brain in prenatal and early postnatal periods.