A complicated ecology found in the gastrointestinal tract, the human gut microbiota is crucial to both health and disease. Prebiotics have emerged as a critical regulator of this complex microbial community. Prebiotics are non-digestible food elements that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria, hence benefiting the host. They are a class of nutrients that the gut bacteria break down. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in their relevance to human health overall. They have the ability to nourish the gut flora, and when they break down, short-chain fatty acids are released into the bloodstream, which impacts not just the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Prebiotics appear to be intriguing prospects for improving human health conditions given their safety, health benefits, and advantages in manufacture and storage over probiotics. The development of the prebiotic idea is examined in this chapter, along with the many kinds of prebiotics-fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, mannanoligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and inulin, etc. and how they affect the composition of the gut microbiota and covers a variety of prebiotic topics, including their vital function in human health.