The challenges that are to be met in the field of febrile neutropenia are multiple. Besides saving the of the patient, one has to be as much cost-effective as possible. Reducing the morbidity during of hospital stay are the most important goals in achieving this. Guidelines have to be formed than predict the duration and severity of neutropenia based on simple clinical and laboratory data need to redefine a more rational approach to prophylactic, empiric and definitive antibacterial, antifungal chemotherapeutic agents. Irrational changes can lead to therapeutic confusion, prolong hospital stay, added iatrogenic toxicity and increased cost. We need to predict correctly the individual who can be safely treated at home with oral antibiotics and antifungal agents. We also need to whether the use of colony stimulating factor would modify patient's illness in a clinically significant The same applies to granulocyte transfusions which are back, thanks to the use of G-CSF in the c coupled with leukopheresis equipments. Treatment of haematological malignancies as well as tumour is becoming more aggressive. There has been emergence of resistant organisms and a same time, there are advances in microbiological and molecular techniques in accurately diagnosis these infections. The therapeutic armamentarium has also increased substantially which has add the dilemma significantly. Bodey et al, in 1966, observed that fever complicated prolonged and a neutropenia. The ever increasing doses and number of cancer chemotherapeutic agents has significant added to the high prevalence of neutropenia in clinical practice. In 1960s, neutropenia was exclusive seen in patients with disorders of bone marrow or secondary to drug therapy of leukaemia. The neutropenia is associated with cancer treatment in a wide range of malignancies and procedures stem cell transplantation. The types of organisms infecting neutropenic patients keep changing. Gram negative organisms in 1970s to coagulase-negative staphylococci and other gram-positive organisms in 1990s as well as near fatal systemic fungal infections, often refractory to the broad spectrum antifungal agents are becoming difficult to handle.