Soil biological management not only improves crop yield but also the quality of produce, especially through controlling pests and diseases in eco-friendly manner by natural enemies. Microbes including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes are principal decomposers of organic residues resulting into the formation of humus with the release of several plant nutrients. They also have the ability to transform many plant nutrients through processes such as organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation and solubilization of nutrients. Thus microbes play pivotal role in improving the efficiency of nutrient acquisition by plants and reduce the cost of production by minimising the cost on inputs. Their efficient management also reduces the losses of nutrients from soil in gaseous forms (volatilization, denitrification) and their conversion into plant unavailable forms (fixation). The microbes in soil produce polysaccharides that bind soil particles together and help in improving soil structure, water storage capacity and in preventing erosion. Soil biological management not only provide economic and environmental benefits but also determines the food security.