The onus of challenge of increasing global food production to feed the growing population falls on agriculture, which is the sector of the global economy that is most vulnerable to the effects of global warming, such as more variable rainfall and more extreme weather-generated events. At the same time, agriculture and the changes in land use that are associated with it, are one of the principal contributors to climate change, accounting for one-third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CO2 has a prominent share in global warming amongst all GHGs in atmosphere. Soil carbon sequestration is a promising approach to offset the raising amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Both partially degraded and agricultural soils have a considerable potential to minimize the elevated CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Projected increases in demand for food and bioenergy by 2050 have profound implications for the pressure that agriculture fields on forests and other natural ecosystems in the tropics. These ecosystems are vital, both in the role their biomass plays in sequestering carbon and in providing habitat for biodiversity. When they are lost, they become a massive source of GHG emissions. The atmospheric CO2 concentration is increasing, due primarily to fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation. Sequestering atmospheric C in agricultural soils is being advocated as a possibility to partially offset fossil-fuel emissions. Sequestering C in agriculture requires a change in management practices, i.e. efficient use of pesticides, irrigation, and farm machinery. The C emissions associated with a change in practices have not traditionally been incorporated comprehensively into C sequestration analyses. Increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing its resilience to climate change, and reducing the emissions that come from the agriculture sector are therefore triple imperatives that require alternative sets of practices. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) seeks to increase productivity in an environmentally and socially sustainable way, strengthen farmers’ resilience to climate change, and reduce agriculture’s contribution to climate change by reducing GHG emissions and sequestering carbon.