Three factors: A plant's genotype, environment, and genotype x environment interaction all affect how well a plant performs phenotypically. The many environmental impacts are divided into biotic and abiotic elements based on whether they are biological or non-biological in nature. Stress happens when certain environmental factors hinder the genotypic potential from being completely realised. Stress is any environment-related change that could impede or adversely impact a plant's growth and development. A biological system, such as plants that are experiencing biological stress is one that is not functioning correctly and is not in good health. Stress can be classified as either biotic (caused by diseases, pests, weeds etc.) or abiotic (caused by non-biological factors like drought, flood, salt, temperature etc.). To boost crop yield and deal with these pressures, several techniques such as agronomic methods, plant breeding techniques, and molecular methods are crucial.