This chapter explores the role of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a key measure of economic performance, with a particular focus on India and its connection to public health. It starts by explaining what GDP is and how it helps us understand a country’s economic growth, influence policy decisions, and compare nations on a global scale. The chapter then takes a closer look at India’s rapid economic growth after the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside the government’s growing efforts to invest in healthcare. The discussion shifts to how economic growth and public health are closely linked, showing that improvements in health systems can both fuel and result from a thriving economy. The chapter reviews global and national trends in healthcare spending, highlighting the gaps between countries, with special attention to India’s relatively low healthcare expenditure. It also examines India’s healthcare system, from government initiatives to the challenges it faces, and explores new opportunities-particularly in oral health, a vital yet often neglected aspect of public health policy. To help address these challenges, the chapter offers suggestions for improving India’s healthcare system, such as focusing on preventive care, integrating oral health into primary healthcare services, strengthening public-private partnerships, and harnessing technology