Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, has evolved dramatically over the centuries, influencing economies, societies, and the environment. This chapter delves into the multifaceted realm of global agriculture economics, examining both historical perspectives and contemporary dynamics. It explores how agriculture, often regarded as the backbone of many nations, interfaces with economic development and the challenges it faces in the modern era. The historical narrative outlines the pivotal Green Revolution and the transition from subsistence to commercial farming, highlighting their lasting effects on global agriculture. It also underscores the role of globalization in shaping the economic landscape of this essential sector. Presenting an analysis of current global agriculture trends, the chapter examines the integration of precision agriculture, sustainable practices, and the impact of climate change on farming. It also addresses the intricacies of global trade, dietary shifts, and their influence on crop production.