A new track of breeding vegetable crops has emerged with the advent of modern biotechnology. At its simplest, Biotechnology is a technology based on biology. It employ biological entities or processes to create new and useful products and processes. Problems associated with vegetable production and processing is being addressed by modern biotechnology and it is currently playing a vital role in the improvement of crop plants. This is because of its ability to overcome the short coming of other conventional practices of crop improvement. Recent approaches, applications, advantages, and problems faced during the application of modern biotechnology in vegetable breeding research is described in this chapter.