Nāgakesara (Ceylon Ironwood), botanically identified as Mesua ferrea L. and belonging to the family Calophyllaceae, is a revered tree celebrated for its therapeutic and cultural significance. This medium to large evergreen species is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with a notable presence in Sri Lanka, where it is venerated as the national plant. Since the Vedic period, its flowers and leaves have been cherished for their symbolism of purity and auspiciousness, frequently featured in rituals and religious practices. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the medicinal and therapeutic potential of Nāgakesara (Mesua ferrea L.) through both Ayurvedic and modern scientific perspectives. A detailed literary survey was conducted, analyzing primary and secondary data from Ayurvedic classics, including Nighaṇṭus, modern research studies, botanical references, and online resources. In Ayurveda, the stamens of Mesua ferrea L. are recognized as the principal therapeutic component, extensively utilized in managing conditions such as Raktapitta (bleeding disorders), Arśas (piles or hemorrhoids), Jvara (fever), Kuṣṭha (skin diseases), Prameha (diabetes and other urinary disorders), and Viṣa (all types of poisoning). Modern research supports these traditional applications, revealing a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and hepatoprotective effects. However, modern studies predominantly focus on other parts of the tree, such as the roots, stem bark, leaves, and seeds (seed oil), rather than the stamens emphasized in Ayurveda. These findings underscore the significant medicinal and therapeutic potential of Mesua ferrea L., beyond its cultural and religious significance. To further validate its efficacy, clinical trials integrating Ayurvedic and modern medical frameworks are imperative, paving the way for its broader application in contemporary medicine.